Adoption in Singapore is governed by a clear legal framework under the Adoption of Children Act (ACA), and processed through the Family Justice Courts. While the standard process is well-defined, some adoptions fall under special categories with unique requirements and procedures.

Basic Eligibility for Adoption in Singapore

To adopt a child in Singapore, you must:

• Be at least 25 years old
  
• Be at least 21 years older than the child you wish to adopt
• Be a Singapore Citizen or Permanent Resident (at least one applicant in a joint application must meet this requirement)

Types of Special Adoption Cases

1. Adoption of a Biological Child

This type of adoption arises typically when a child is born out of wedlock (i.e., is considered illegitimate), and the biological mother wishes to legitimise the child under the law. For reasons such as inheritance rights or nationality status.

How it works:

• The biological mother typically applies as a sole applicant.
• Consent should generally be obtained from the biological father, even if his name does not appear on the child’s birth certificate.

2. Adoption of a Stepchild

This scenario occurs when an individual is married to someone who already has a child from a previous relationship and wishes to legally recognise that child as their own.

How it works:

• The stepparent usually applies as a sole applicant.
• Consent from the biological parent (if still alive and retaining parental rights) is required.

3. Adoption of a Niece or Nephew

This applies when an individual seeks to adopt their sibling’s child. 

Common reasons include the death, incapacity, or inability of the biological parents to care for the child.

How it works:

• The application can be made either individually or jointly with a spouse.
• Consent from the biological parents is generally required.

4. Adoption of an Unrelated Child (Private Adoption)

This type of adoption involves a child who is not biologically related to the adoptive party and not under state care.

For example, a friend’s child or through a private arrangement.

How it works:

• Applicants may apply either as a sole or joint applicant.
• They should attend mandatory pre-adoption briefings and undergo a home study assessment.
• Consent from the biological parents is typically necessary.

5. Adoption of a Child in State Care

This case involves adopting a child who is under the care of the state or the Ministry of Social and Family Development (MSF), usually due to abandonment, neglect, or the death of the biological parents.

How it works:

• Applicants can apply alone or jointly.
• A comprehensive home study is conducted by an MSF-appointed agency.
• The adoption process is usually facilitated through the Ministry or authorised agencies.

6. Adoption of a Foreign Child

This applies to individuals who wish to adopt a child from overseas who is neither a Singapore citizen nor a permanent resident.

How it works:

• A Home Study Report (HSR) is mandatory, even if the adoption involves a relative.
• Applicants must comply with Singapore’s adoption laws as well as the legal requirements of the child’s home country.
• In most cases, the process involves coordination with the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA) and MSF.
• To bring the child into Singapore before adoption, a Dependant’s Pass or other relevant visa is required.

How To Get Started

Adoption in Singapore is a legal process overseen by the courts, and each application is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The welfare and best interests of the child remain the paramount concern.

For the best chances and to ensure compliance, all prospective adoptive parents should consult with family lawyers for holistic guidance and support.