Tenancy agreements are an essential aspect of rentals. A poorly written agreement could cause landlords or tenants to take on extra liabilities unnecessarily. Whether you are a landlord or tenant, look out for these clauses to protect your interests.

1. Security Deposit

• The typical amount is 1 month’s rent for a 1-year lease, and 2 month’s rent for a 2-year lease
• Security Deposits are typically taken as a form of guarantee that the Tenant will adhere with the Tenancy Agreement. It is non-deductible. To avoid any disputes, it is best to have the Tenancy Agreement define what the security deposit can or cannot be used for.

2. Rent and Utilities

Payment schedule:

• Take note of rental payment due dates and grace periods
• Late payment fees or interest may be imposed after the grace period

Utility Bill:

• Utility is typically covered fully by the tenant, unless stated otherwise.

3. Use & Maintenance of Premises

• This section should specify details on the wear and tear of the property
• Commonly, the responsibility lays on the landlord for maintenance of regular wear and tear
• For damage not due to fair wear and tear, responsibility is usually borne by the tenant
• This section may also state the maximum amount tenants have to pay for minor repairs (e.g., tenant is liable to pay up to $200 for repair, while the landlord will cover the remaining cost of repair)

4. Renewal

• Tenants may have the option to extend and renew their stay at the rental property when their initial lease is due to expire
• Prices should be reviewed; they could remain the same, adjusted to market rates or capped at a certain percentage of the current rental upon renewal

5. Diplomatic Clause

• Allows tenants to break their contract early with  notice, under certain conditions, and without penalty. 
• This clause may only be exercised after the minimum occupancy period is met (typically 12 months) 
• When this clause is included in the Tenancy Agreement, the landlord will usually request for a Reimbursement Clause to be included in the contract as well
• The Reimbursement Clause may require tenants to reimburse part of the agent’s commission, if the Diplomatic Clause is exercised

6. Tenant’s & Landlord’s Covenant

A covenant is a commitment made during the lease term by either party that is legally binding. Covenants are typically expressed in the tenancy agreement at the discretion of tenants and landlords, but there are also implied covenants covered by law. Here are a few examples of implied covenants.

Landlord’s Covenants:

• Quiet Enjoyment for tenants; landlords are not allowed to incessantly check on their tenants
• Repairs to external structures and damage by fair wear and tear
• The premises must be reasonably livable

Tenant’s Covenants:

• Payment of Rent 
• Payment of bills for utilities used
• To use the premises for designated purposes only
• Observance of Regulations

7. Other Common Details In A Tenancy Agreement

• Full name and address of both the landlord and tenant
• Address of rental property 
• Date of contract signing
• Tenancy period
• Any applicable fees (such as agent commission)
• Notices; formal communication requirements
• Inventory: List of items provided with the property and their condition

A well-drafted tenancy agreement ensures fairness and clarity for both tenants and landlords. By outlining obligations upfront, risks of disputes are reduced and your interests are protected.

Having doubts about your tenancy agreement? At LP Law Corporation, our lawyer can review, draft, and negotiate lease agreements to safeguard your rights. Contact us today to secure your rental with peace of mind.

In Singapore, pets are legally classified as property. This means they cannot directly inherit assets or be named as beneficiaries in a will. Special arrangements have to be made to ensure your furry or feathered family members are cared for after you’re gone.

Since pets are considered property, you cannot leave them money directly in your will. You can however state who gets ownership of your pet.

What Should You Do Then? 

Here is where a pet trust comes in. 

A pet trust allows you to:

• Name a caregiver for your pet
• Set aside funds to be used only for your pet’s benefit
• Place legal obligations on the caregiver to follow your instructions
• Work with a Pet Trust Protector to ensure compliance with your original intentions

This way, you can have peace of mind knowing your pet will be cared for, even if you are no longer around.

Are Pet Trusts Legally Recognised in Singapore?

Unlike some countries, Singapore does not have dedicated legislation for pet trusts. They are considered ‘non-charitable purpose trusts’, which serve to benefit a particular individual and can be more complex and raise legal challenges.

If you are hoping to set one up, it is essential to seek professional advice on the best way to go about it.

Who Can Create a Pet Trust?

The Settlor (person creating the trust) can be:

• An individual (such as the pet owner), aged 21 or older, of sound mind, and owns the property to be placed in the trust
• A corporate entity

A pet trust can operate:

• After your death, via a testamentary trust in your will
• During your lifetime, via a living trust (inter vivos), which can also take effect if you become incapacitated

Types of Pets Trusts

1. Testamentary Trusts

Created through a will, these take effect only after the trustor’s death and must comply with the Wills Act. You name the pet caregiver in your will and state that they are to receive your pet as property, along with any funds to care for it.

2. Living Trusts

Created during your lifetime they take effect immediately (or at a specified event, such as incapacity).

Unfulfilled Pet Trust

If the trustee caregiver breaches their duty, a typical beneficiary can file a claim for breach of trust. However, a pet would not be able to make a claim on their own.

To safeguard your wishes, you may appoint a Pet Trust Protector (a trusted friend or professional lawyer) who can oversee the trust’s execution, remove or appoint trustees, and ensure funds are used properly.

As the law on pet trusts in Singapore is still unclear, it is best to consult a lawyer with expertise in estate planning and trust law.

Alternative Solutions

Alternatively, you can:

• Specify a guardian for your pet in your will, leaving funds for their care.
• Draft your will so cash is provided only upon the beneficiary agreeing to care for your pet.
• Leave a Letter of Wishes detailing your pet’s care requirements.

Letter of Wishes

Whether your trust is living or testamentary, a Letter of Wishes is a non-binding document guiding the trustee or guardian on how to carry out your instructions.

It may include:

• Identification of your pet (photos, microchip, DNA samples).
• Daily routine, diet, and medical needs.
• Amount of funds and how they should be spent.
• Instructions for leftover funds.
• Final arrangements (burial or cremation).

Assets in a Pet Trust

• Cash 
• Investments
• Real Estate 
• Personal Property

Key Steps to Ensure Your Pet is Cared For

1. Choose a reliable caretaker.
2. Appoint a responsible trustee.
3. Specify the amount and usage of funds.
4. Include the trust in your will or create a stand-alone trust.
5. Name a backup caretaker and trustee.
6. Review and update the trust regularly.

In Singapore, while pet trusts are not specifically legislated, there are legal structures available to protect your pet’s future. A well-drafted trust, combined with clear instructions and the right people, can ensure your beloved companion is loved and cared for. Let us ease the process for you, and for a peace of mind knowing that your pets are well-taken care of.

Singapore has seen a surge in reported animal abuse. In 2024 alone, there was a record high of 961 cases of animal cruelty and welfare concerns. These numbers are shocking, highlighting the growing need for public awareness and legal accountability.

Legal Protection for Animals in Singapore

Singapore advocates for animals under laws such as the Animals and Birds Act (ABA). It condemns animal cruelty and neglect, protecting the welfare of animals.

What is Considered Animal Cruelty in Singapore?

Under the ABA, animal cruelty includes both direct physical harm and psychological/ emotional suffering.

Examples of Animal Cruelty:

Some forms of animal cruelty are:

• Psychological pain: Including neglect and abandonment 
• Physical pain: Beat, kick, torture, terrify, overload or ill-treat an animal in any way
• Hoarding: Cramped or poor living conditions 
• Illegal activities: Animal fighting, including dogfighting and cockfighting

Penalties for Animal Cruelty:

• For first-time offenders: up to $15,000 in fines, and/or imprisonment of 18 months
• For repeat offenders: up to $30,000 in fines, and/or imprisonment of 3 years

What is Considered Neglect in Singapore?

Pet owners in Singapore are expected to comply with the Code of Animal Welfare (for Pet Owners), which sets out the following minimum duties:

• Provide adequate and suitable food and clean water
• Provide safe and sufficient shelter
• Prevent unnecessary pain or suffering
• Protect pets from injury or disease
• Not abandon pets and make reasonable efforts to recover lost animals

Failure to comply constitutes neglect, which is a criminal offence.

Penalties for Neglect or Abandonment:

• First offence: Fine of up to $10,000, and/or 12 months’ imprisonment
• Subsequent offence: Fine of up to $20,000, and/or 2 years’ imprisonment
• If the offence is committed during an animal-related business (e.g. pet boarding), the penalty increases to:
  • Up to $40,000 fine and/or 2 years’ imprisonment for a first offence
  • Up to $100,000 fine and/or 3 years’ imprisonment for a repeat offence

Animal Neglect and/or Abandonment 

Neglect involves the failure to provide the minimum standard of care for animals. Statistics show there were 137 pet abandonment cases involving 285 animals in 2023, more than double the number reported in 2022.

According to SPCA, neglect and abandonment make up the majority of animal cruelty cases.

In 2024, out of the 961 cases, a staggering 324 cases involved animals in poor living conditions, and 120 cases involved abandonment. These were among others such as unattended pets and high rise syndrome – where animals sustain injuries falling from a high place.

Overfeeding as a Form of Neglect or Cruelty

Often viewed as a harmless indulgence, overfeeding can also be a form of neglect or even cruelty under Singapore law.

• If overfeeding causes health issues resulting in unnecessary pain or suffering, it may be considered animal cruelty.
• If the diet is unsuitable and owners fail to take reasonable steps to ensure proper feeding, it may amount to neglect, even if no pain is present.

The importance lies in whether the pet’s dietary needs are met and whether any harm results.

Legal protections exist not only to punish wrongdoing but also to set standards for compassionate and responsible care. The way we treat animals reflects our societal values.

The law is clear: animals are sentient beings entitled to protection from neglect and cruelty.

If you witness any act of animal cruelty or neglect, report it immediately to the AVS (Animal & Veterinary Service) or SPCA. Your voice can help prevent suffering and save lives.

For legal assistance with related matters, drop us a call or message here.

What is the Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act?

Imagine signing up for a gym package because it says “no hidden fees” – only to be hit with surprise charges. Or buying a brand-new phone that turns out to be a refurbished set.

The Consumer Protection (Fair Trading) Act (CPFTA) is Singapore’s safeguard against situations like these. It spells out what counts as unfair business practices and gives consumers the right to seek redress.

What is an Unfair Practice Under the CPFTA?

A supplier is acting unfairly if they:

• Do or say something misleading (or fail to say something important).
• Make false claims about their goods or services.
• Exploit vulnerable consumers – for example, those who:
  • Cannot properly protect their own interests, or
  • Cannot fully understand the terms or effect of a deal.

Examples of Unfair Practices

• Selling used goods as “brand new”.
• Misleading price tags or promotions.
• Hard-selling tactics that pressure you into buying.
• Hiding crucial details (like extra fees or exclusions).

In short: if a business tries to trick, pressure, or take advantage of you, it could fall under an unfair practice.

Making a Claim Under the CPFTA

If you’ve experienced an unfair practice, here’s what you can do:

Steps to Make a Claim

1. Try resolving directly – many cases are settled through discussion or mediation.
2. Go to the Small Claims Tribunal – if you can’t resolve it, you may file a claim here.
3. Claim amount – you can seek up to $30,000 in damages.

Claim Limits and Exceptions

• Above $30,000: The Small Claims Tribunal won’t hear your case; you’ll need to go to a higher court.
• Willing to let go of the excess? You can abandon any amount above $30,000 to keep your case in the Tribunal.

Example:
You’re claiming $35,000. You may choose to abandon $5,000 and proceed with a $30,000 claim in the Tribunal. But once you do, you cannot chase the extra $5,000 later.

CPFTA Limitation Period for Claims

Don’t wait too long! You must file your claim within 2 years of either:

• When the unfair practice happened, or
• When you first became aware of it.

(Whichever is later)

CPFTA Limitation Period for Claims

Don’t wait too long! You must file your claim within 2 years of either:

• When the unfair practice happened, or
• When you first became aware of it.

(Whichever is later)

Quick Overview of CPFTA Claims

Why the CPFTA Matters to Consumers

The CPFTA isn’t just another piece of legislation – it’s there to protect you in your everyday transactions.

Benefits of Knowing Your Rights

With CPFTA knowledge, you can:

• Spot unfair practices quickly
• Take timely legal action
• Protect yourself with confidence

If you think you’ve been misled or treated unfairly, don’t ignore it. Act quickly, and if your claim is close to or above the $30,000 limit, speak to a lawyer to understand your best options.

Our legal team is here to help you navigate every step of the process.

Thinking about taking your business global? 

Overseas markets present exciting new opportunities, but such ventures come with risks and what may potentially be a legal minefield. 

When starting a business in Singapore, it is important to know the different business structures available and decide on the one that best fits your needs. Here are some things to consider:

• Scale of your business
• Liability protection needs
• Start-up capital
• Compliance 
• Growth plans

International Laws and Regulations

Global business operations are governed by a labyrinth of laws and regulations that vary significantly from one jurisdiction to another. Understanding the legal landscape of your target market is essential before expansion takes place:

Local Legal Compliance

Each country has its own rules and regulations, affecting everything from business registration to taxation and labour laws.

International Trade Regulations

Businesses must understand tariffs, trade barriers, and international trade agreements are essential for smooth operations and competitive pricing.

Adhering to International Agreements

You will also need to comply with various international standards, including environmental protocols and anti-corruption laws.

Non-compliance can lead to serious penalties – from financial penalties to disrupted operations and reputational damage. Legal due diligence and strategic planning is essential for success.

Establishing a Global Presence

Setting up a legal and operational business structure that aligns with local regulations is crucial.

Entity Formation and Registration

Choosing the right type of business entity (e.g., sole proprietorship, partnership, limited partnership) is critical. Each option has its own legal, tax, and operational implications.

• Tax Obligations
  Understanding corporate taxes, VAT/GST, withholding taxes, is essential to stay compliant and optimise costs.
• Labour and Employment Laws
  Complying with local labour laws, understanding employment practices, and ensuring fair labour standards are essential for successful operations and maintaining a positive company image.

Intellectual Property Protection

Intellectual property (IP) is often among a company’s most valuable assets. Ensure your IP rights are protected in every country your business is in:

• IP Registration: Ensuring property, such as your trademarks, are registered in each country of operation to secure protection.
• Enforcement Strategies: Developing a plan to enforce IP rights, which may involve navigating the legal systems of multiple countries.

Cross-Border Contracts and Agreements

Cross-border deals rely heavily on airtight legal contracts. They must be carefully drafted to address:

• Jurisdiction and Law: Specifying the governing law and jurisdiction that the contract is based on.
• Dispute Resolution: Choosing appropriate mechanisms that offer enforceability and neutrality.
• Cultural and Legal Norms: Understanding and respecting the cultural and legal nuances that influence business practices and legal agreements in each country.

Compliance with Data Protection and Privacy Laws

As businesses collect and process increasing amounts of data globally, compliance with data protection and privacy laws becomes more challenging but crucial.

• Understanding Global Data Protection Regulations: Familiarity with regional data protection laws is vital.
• Implementing Data Governance Frameworks: Establishing comprehensive data governance policies that ensure compliance and protect sensitive information across all operations.

Mitigating Risks through Due Diligence

• Legal Audits: Assessing the legal environment of the target market, including potential liabilities and regulatory compliance.
• Risk Management Strategies: Identifying risks and developing strategies to mitigate them, ensuring a smoother expansion process.

Seeking Expert Legal Counsel

The complexities of international expansion requires the guidance of expert legal counsel. Specialists in international business law can provide invaluable advice on structuring your expansion, navigating legal hurdles, and ensuring compliance across all aspects of your operations.

As a new entrant into a foreign market, you may not be as familiar with the local regulatory landscape as you may be back home, and this problem is compounded as laws and regulations constantly evolve. 

The best way around this is to seek the advice of local counsel who are well versed in the relevant areas of the law – LP Law Corporation’s global network allows for a seamless connection with our regional offices and to provide the contextualised advice that you need to set up here in Singapore.

Conclusion

By understanding and addressing the key legal considerations outlined in this guide, businesses can position themselves for successful global growth. Proactive legal planning and consultation are important, especially when countering the intricacies of  expanding internationally.

Ready to take your business across borders? Let our team guide you through the legal landscape with clarity and confidence. Reach out to us today for tailored advice and trusted expertise that supports your global ambitions.

60 years ago, Singapore stood on the cusp of independence; a small island, rich in ambition but uncertain of its future. Among the many systems that needed building from scratch, one stood out for its importance and complexity: the legal system. Today, Singapore’s legal framework is internationally respected for its efficiency, integrity, and innovation.

Let’s take a walk through time to see how far we’ve come.

Foundations: The First Lawyers and Colonial Law

The roots of Singapore’s legal system date back to the early 19th century, under British colonial rule. Justice was modelled after English common law, and administered by British judges.

The Attorney-General’s Department (AGD) was established with the transfer of the Straits Settlements to the British. Sir Thomas Braddell was appointed as the first Attorney-General of the Straits Settlements. In 1875, Singapore’s first Bar Committee was formed.

War, Occupation, and Recovery

The Japanese Occupation (1942–1945) shook every pillar of society, including the law. British legal systems were suspended. Japanese military tribunals took over, and the rule of law was replaced with martial control.

When the war ended, Singapore’s legal system had to be re-legitimised. War crimes trials began. Confidence in justice had to be restored. Amid the ruins lies the foundations for a more sovereign and localised identity.

The Political Earthquake: 1950s–60s and Self-Rule

In the late 1950s, Singapore’s political tide turned. With self-governance in 1959 and full independence in 1965, Singapore no longer inherited laws but began to write its own.

This era saw an explosion of legislation tailored for a rapidly modernising society: public order, trade, housing, education, and justice.

Legal practice transformed overnight. Lawyers no longer served just colonial clients but were now advocates in a new democracy, helping shape a young nation’s identity.

No More Juries: The End of Trial by Peers

One of the boldest legal reforms came in 1970, when Singapore abolished the jury system. Juries were seen as inefficient, potentially biased, and less suited for a multi-racial, rapidly developing society.

In its place, a professional judge-led system emerged, which aligned with Singapore’s meritocratic ethos.

Bar and Bench: A Growing Relationship

The formation of the Law Society of Singapore in 1967 provided lawyers with a formal voice. Over time, its role expanded to not just regulating lawyers, but speaking up on legal policy, access to justice, and the profession’s ethical responsibilities.

Dialogue between the Bar and the state became essential in shaping a responsive, resilient legal culture.

Justice for All: The Birth of CLAS

In 1985, the launch of the Criminal Legal Aid Scheme (CLAS) signalled a quiet revolution. No longer was justice reserved for those who could afford it. CLAS provided accused persons, often from vulnerable backgrounds, with access to legal defence.

Today, it remains a cornerstone of Singapore’s access-to-justice efforts, with government support and hundreds of lawyers volunteering their time to uphold the principle that everyone deserves a fair trial.

From Caesar to LawNet: Technology Enters the Courtroom

In the 1990s, the legal profession stepped boldly into the digital age. The Caesar system, a cutting-edge legal database at the time, gave way to LawNet, now the essential portal for legal research, case law, and e-litigation.

The shift represented the era of information and digitalisation, where a profession once bound by paper and precedent now embraced speed, access, and digital literacy.

Giving Back: The Rise of Pro Bono Culture

Lawyers across Singapore now regularly volunteer at legal clinics, assist low-income litigants, and support NGOs, all under the umbrella of the Law Society Pro Bono Services initiative.

Singapore Law at 60: The Journey Ahead

At 60, Singapore’s legal system is mature, confident, and forward-looking. But the journey continues. The future of law will grapple with:

• Cross-border disputes in a digital economy
• Data privacy and AI ethics
• Climate justice and sustainability
• Greater regional legal integration through ASEAN frameworks

Whatever comes next, one thing is clear: Singapore’s legal system will meet it with the same spirit that has defined the country in the last 60 years – innovation, tenacity, and dedication to progress.

Before working in Singapore, it is important to ensure you hold a valid work pass (also known as a work visa). Understanding the eligibility criteria for each pass type is essential, as each category serves different purposes and has unique requirements.

Professionals – Types of Work Passes for Skilled Workers

Skilled and Semi-skilled Workers

Trainees and Students 

*This list is not exhaustive. See here for more information on related passes for family members, as well as exemptions for work passes in Singapore.

With evolving policies and detailed documentation needs, navigating the processes can be challenging, especially for employers and foreign applicants unfamiliar with Singapore’s immigration framework.

Want to know more about your employment rights in Singapore?
🔗Here is an article on fair employment practices!

Becoming a legal adult comes with responsibilities, one of which is thinking ahead. While it may seem premature to consider estate planning in your 20s or 30s, the truth is that death can happen unexpectedly. 

A will is not just for the elderly or the wealthy; it is an essential document that gives you control over your affairs, helps protect your loved ones, and ensures that your wishes are respected.

What Is a Will?

A will is a legally binding document that outlines how your assets should be distributed after your death. It also allows you to appoint someone you trust to manage your estate and care for any dependents you leave behind.

Ensuring Assets Are Distributed According to Your Wishes

Without a will, your assets will be distributed according to Singapore’s Intestate Succession Act, which follows a fixed hierarchy of beneficiaries. This legal default may not reflect your true intentions, especially if you have:

• Specific dependents (e.g., elderly parents, unmarried partners)
• Charitable causes you wish to support
• Unequal distributions in mind based on personal relationships or needs

Therefore, a will ensures your estate is passed on according to your wishes.

For a clear diagram on how your assets would be distributed via the Intestate Succession Act, click here.

Appointing a Trusted Executor

When drafting a will, an executor has to be appointed; someone you trust to carry out your instructions. The executor is responsible for:

• Applying for a Grant of Probate from the Family Justice Courts
• Paying off your outstanding debts and taxes with remaining assets
• Distributing your assets according to your will

Without a will, the court will grant Letters of Administration to an administrator. This person may not be someone you would have chosen, potentially leading to delays, inefficiencies, or disputes.

See here for a breakdown of this process.

Protecting Minor Children and Dependents

A will is crucial especially if you have children who are minors. It allows you to:

• Appoint a legal guardian for your children in the event of your passing
• Ensure the guardian aligns with your values and parenting style
• Set up Testamentary Trusts* to manage assets on behalf of your children until they reach a certain age

*Testamentary trust is one created in a will to provide for dependents, and only comes into effect after death

Without these provisions, the Family Court will decide who raises your children, and there may be uncertainty over how their financial needs are met.

Avoiding Family Disputes and Legal Complications

In the absence of a will – misunderstandings, disagreements, and even lawsuits may arise. A properly drafted will:

• Minimise family conflicts over inheritance
• Reduce legal costs and administrative delays
• Clarify your intentions, especially in blended or complex family situations

Under the Wills Act, a valid will also reduce the likelihood of contested claims under the Inheritance (Family Provision) Act, which allows dependents to challenge the distribution of your estate if they feel inadequately provided for.

Clarifying the Treatment of CPF Monies, Insurance Policies, and Joint Accounts

Not all assets are covered under your will. For instance:

• CPF monies require a separate nomination through the CPF Board
• Insurance policies may name beneficiaries who override will provisions
• Joint accounts typically transfer automatically to the surviving joint owner

A complete estate plan includes making the necessary nominations, trust arrangements, and will provisions to ensure your entire estate is distributed according to your intentions.

Planning for Business Owners

If you own a business, your passing could lead to serious disruptions. With a will, you can:

• Appoint a successor or manage your company shares smoothly
• Create a Buy-Sell Agreement with co-owners for continuity
• Shield your business from legal disputes and forced liquidation

Estate planning for business owners may also involve:

• Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA)
• Trusts or corporate nominee structures

Speak to our wills and probate lawyers to ensure a comprehensive succession plan.

Legal Requirements for a Valid Will in Singapore

Under the Wills Act (Cap. 352), your will should meet the following conditions:

• The testator (you) to be at least 21 years and of sound mind
• The will to be in writing (typed or handwritten)
• The testator to sign at the foot of the will in the presence of two independent witnesses
• The two witnesses to sign in your presence
• The witnesses cannot be beneficiaries or the spouses of beneficiaries

Failure to meet these requirements may result in your will being invalid, and your estate would be distributed under intestacy laws instead.

What’s next?

Drafting a will may not feel urgent, but it is one of the most responsible and loving things you could do. Whether you are a young working adult, a parent, or a business owner, a will offers peace of mind that your affairs will be handled as you intended.

Will-writing can be complex and difficult to navigate, contact our wills and probate lawyers to ensure your will is legally sound and clear.

Adoption in Singapore is governed by a clear legal framework under the Adoption of Children Act (ACA), and processed through the Family Justice Courts. While the standard process is well-defined, some adoptions fall under special categories with unique requirements and procedures.

Basic Eligibility for Adoption in Singapore

To adopt a child in Singapore, you must:

• Be at least 25 years old
  
• Be at least 21 years older than the child you wish to adopt
• Be a Singapore Citizen or Permanent Resident (at least one applicant in a joint application must meet this requirement)

Types of Special Adoption Cases

1. Adoption of a Biological Child

This type of adoption arises typically when a child is born out of wedlock (i.e., is considered illegitimate), and the biological mother wishes to legitimise the child under the law. For reasons such as inheritance rights or nationality status.

How it works:

• The biological mother typically applies as a sole applicant.
• Consent should generally be obtained from the biological father, even if his name does not appear on the child’s birth certificate.

2. Adoption of a Stepchild

This scenario occurs when an individual is married to someone who already has a child from a previous relationship and wishes to legally recognise that child as their own.

How it works:

• The stepparent usually applies as a sole applicant.
• Consent from the biological parent (if still alive and retaining parental rights) is required.

3. Adoption of a Niece or Nephew

This applies when an individual seeks to adopt their sibling’s child. 

Common reasons include the death, incapacity, or inability of the biological parents to care for the child.

How it works:

• The application can be made either individually or jointly with a spouse.
• Consent from the biological parents is generally required.

4. Adoption of an Unrelated Child (Private Adoption)

This type of adoption involves a child who is not biologically related to the adoptive party and not under state care.

For example, a friend’s child or through a private arrangement.

How it works:

• Applicants may apply either as a sole or joint applicant.
• They should attend mandatory pre-adoption briefings and undergo a home study assessment.
• Consent from the biological parents is typically necessary.

5. Adoption of a Child in State Care

This case involves adopting a child who is under the care of the state or the Ministry of Social and Family Development (MSF), usually due to abandonment, neglect, or the death of the biological parents.

How it works:

• Applicants can apply alone or jointly.
• A comprehensive home study is conducted by an MSF-appointed agency.
• The adoption process is usually facilitated through the Ministry or authorised agencies.

6. Adoption of a Foreign Child

This applies to individuals who wish to adopt a child from overseas who is neither a Singapore citizen nor a permanent resident.

How it works:

• A Home Study Report (HSR) is mandatory, even if the adoption involves a relative.
• Applicants must comply with Singapore’s adoption laws as well as the legal requirements of the child’s home country.
• In most cases, the process involves coordination with the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA) and MSF.
• To bring the child into Singapore before adoption, a Dependant’s Pass or other relevant visa is required.

How To Get Started

Adoption in Singapore is a legal process overseen by the courts, and each application is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The welfare and best interests of the child remain the paramount concern.

For the best chances and to ensure compliance, all prospective adoptive parents should consult with family lawyers for holistic guidance and support.

In this guide, we explore fair hiring practices in Singapore, aligned with the Tripartite Guidelines on Fair Employment Practices (TGFEP), and the legal employment age according to the Employment Act. We will also highlight essential clauses employees should review before signing a contract.

Understanding Fair Hiring Practices in Singapore

Employers in Singapore are encouraged to adopt fair and merit-based hiring processes in compliance with the Tripartite Guidelines on Fair Employment Practices (TGFEP).

What is the TGFEP?

The TGFEP is a set of guidelines jointly developed by the Ministry of Manpower (MOM), National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), and Singapore National Employers Federation (SNEF). It promotes responsible recruitment and employment practices in Singapore.

Fair employment practices are based on the 5 principles.

1. Recruitment based on Merit
   Select and hire employees based on merit (skills, experience, or ability etc.), irrespective of age, race, gender, religion, marital status and family responsibilities, or disability.
2. Respect for employees
   Treat employees with fairness and respect, with updated HR systems.
3. Provide equal opportunities
   Fair opportunities for employees to harness their strengths in training and development.
4. Reward fairly
   Fair rewards for ability, performance, contribution and experience.
5. Comply with labour laws
   Adopt TGFEP and observe labour laws.

Key Employment Contract Clauses to Review

Before signing a job offer, employees should carefully review the employment contract for:

• Job scope and responsibilities
  
• Salary and benefits
  
• Working hours and leave entitlements
  
• Probation period and termination notice
  
• Non-compete or confidentiality clauses

Understanding the legal age of work in Singapore 

In Singapore, the legal age to work is regulated under the Employment Act Part VIII and the Employment of Children and Young Persons Regulations. The minimum age for employment is 13 years, but restrictions apply to employees aged 13 to 16.

Restrictions under the Employment of Children and Young Persons Regulations

• Work in industrial settings

For children below 15 years – Unless working with family members

For young persons between 15 and 16 years of age – Unless MOM is notified and a medical report is submitted within 30 days of work. 

Work in non-industrial settings are allowed, provided children under 15 years are limited to light duties. 

• Work conditions that could cause injury 

• Work that requires interacting with moving machinery 

• Work that requires close proximity to inadequately insulated, live electrical equipment 

• Underground work

Permitted hours for manual labour 

Children and young persons are not allowed to work 

• Between 11pm to 6am
• On their rest days, without permission from the Commissioner for Labour

Children are allowed to work

• Up to 3 hours straight, with minimum 30 minutes break
• Up to 6 hours a day, including school time 

Young Persons are allowed to work

• Up to 4 hours a day, with minimum 30 minutes break
• Up to 7 hours a day, including school time

Understanding hiring practices in Singapore is essential for both employers and employees. With the Employment Act and Tripartite Guidelines on Fair Employment Practices in place, businesses can ensure compliance and ethical hiring practices, and employees gain better understanding and protection of their rights. 

For any clarification or assistance, contact our experienced employment lawyers for a confidential consultation today.